How to populate field options or logic on another form?

If not, is it possible to take the output (report, for example) from submissions of one form to populate field options or logic on another form?

You can pass data from one form to another form and also affect the logic/conditions of the destination form.

User guide: How-to-Automatically-Pass-Form-Data-to-Another-Form

Demo

1st form: https://form.jotformpro.com/71597575001963

2nd form : https://form.jotformpro.com/71596873001963

If you submit the 1st form you will be redirected to 2nd form with the condition logic triggered on the 2nd form as well.